2. Alan Watson. Legal Transplants (University of Giorgia Press, 1993).
3. Dos referentes ineludibles aquĂ son: The Greek discovery of politics (Harvard U Press, 1990) de Christian Meier, y “Notes on Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political” (1932), de Leo Strauss.
âDenominaremos fantasma portaliano a la formaciĂłn imaginaria e histĂłrica o, si se quiere, a la maquina mitolĂłgica que no deja de producir imĂĄgenes y epifanĂas orientadas a transformar las potencias del deseo en le inercia y posibilidad de los cuerpos, proceso que se anuda en tres ĂĄmbitos diferentes y articulados: âuna forma de saberâŠ.[âŠ], una forma de producciĂłn de poder: ejercer un poder excepcional supuestamente legitimado en funciĂłn de las propias circunstanciasâŠ.y una forma de subjetivaciĂłn: produce una forma del yo como cuerpo nacional extenso de fisuras y griegas internas que no soporta cuerpos marginales, residuales o, si se quiere, cuerpos del deseoâ (Karmy 2022, 27).
En realidad, el modelo es la forma vicaria mĂĄs extrema de la economĂa, puesto es mediante un dispositivo de este alcance que el abigarramiento social puede someterse a la fuerza de homogenizaciĂłn. Sabemos que la oikonomia en su dinĂĄmica de intercambiabilidad reproduce una homogeneidad total sobre las prĂĄcticas del mundo de la vida. De manera anĂĄloga, en el plano jurĂdico el modelo es un artificio que subsume el orden concreto positivo en formas laxas y negativas para garantizar efectos de la ratio gubernamental. Esta jurisprudencia principialista en realidad tiene su antecedente en juristas como Bartolo de Saxoferrato, para quien el âmodeloâ de interpretaciĂłn jurĂdica solo se entendĂa como superior al derecho escrito con sus normas y reglas [1]. En este sentido, es que se pudiera decir que Portales no es un Founder atado a un documento constitucional (como lo son los Federalists norteamericanos), sino que es por encima de todo un representante del cual emana la âfuerzaâ de la virtĂč para administrar un estado de excepciĂłn que no conoce ley ni constituciĂłn (Karmy 2022, 84). Y por esta razĂłn es que el derecho siempre puede ser violado una y otra vez, al punto de llegar a los propios cuerpos de sus sĂșbditos. AsĂ, el portalianismo no es un âoriginalismo constitucionalâ, sino una mĂĄquina stasiolĂłgica que se nutre de la excepciĂłn cuya materia prima es el cuerpo singular para impedir a todo coste una res publica y la traducciĂłn pĂșblica de la ius reformandi (siempre atada a las exigencias de los Ăndices del valor). Como en âEn la colonia penitenciariaâ de Franz Kafka, la legalidad anĂłmica chilena desemboca no solo en los calabozos clandestinos de la DINA, sino mĂĄs siniestramente en Colonia Dignidad o en el principio subsidiario negativo: una comunidad de la muerte en la cual el cuerpo social es la materia prima para abonar la hidrĂĄulica de una dominaciĂłn absoluta.
Durante las semanas de cara al referendo del Reino Unido sobre su membresĂa en la UniĂłn Europea, el gran historiador y teĂłrico polĂtico J.G.A Pocock escribiĂł una mĂnima defensa de la expresiĂłn plebiscitaria en una miniserie que publicĂł en mayo el London Review of Books (dado que es corta, vale citarla en su forma integral):
âProfoundlyâ anti-democratic and anti-constitutional, the EU obliges you to leave by the only act it recognizes: the referendum, which can be ignored as a snap decision you didnât really mean. If you are to go ahead, it must be by your own constitutional machinery: crown, parliament and people; election, debate and statute. This will take time and deliberation, which is the way decisions of any magnitude should be taken. Avoid further referendums and act for yourselves as you know how to act and be.â [1].
Todo lo demĂĄs es polĂtica, legislaciĂłn, estatuto, debate, instituciĂłn. La seperaciĂłn del constitucionalismo supone no ceder a la ilusiĂłn de que la liquidaciĂłn de un âconstitucionalismo del miedoâ ya por si misma genera inmunidad total a al constitucionalismo de principios. El caso chileno es atendible en la medida en que ya experimentĂł un constitucionalismo atĂĄvico en principios econĂłmicos subsidiarios. Ahora estĂĄ por ver si en este segundo momento âconstitucionalâ se decanta por una acogida al activismo judicial del principialismo jurĂdico; o si, por el contrario, asume la constituciĂłn como âumbralâ oxigenando a la inasible imaginaciĂłn de octubre.
âOur administrative “law,” then, arguably amounts to law as ius, not merely as written positive lex. In this sense, what Ulpian said in majestic terms – that “the law [ius] is the art of goodness and fairness, and of that art, we jurists are deservedly called the priests” – is emphatically true of our administrative law, even or especially today. There is no inconsistency between seeing administrative law, administrative lawyers, and judges in this way and in seeing the system as one that is broadly deferential to our praetors and other magistrates.â [21]
âEn la definiciĂłn de Ulpiano, un jurista toma la funciĂłn de un sacerdote. Un paralelo cercano entre ambas profesiones no es muy difĂcil de encontrar, ya que el derecho romano era una teologĂa especificada (provista con dogmas, herejĂas, rituales y casuĂstica). Para el sacerdote la tarea fundamental es un estudio de los de textos con el fin de alcanzar una formulaciĂłn perfecta; y en su prĂĄctica consta de una obsesiĂłn con las palabras como sĂntoma de su deseo por prevalecer y dominar. La superioridad sacra en cierto sentido es un âvestidoâ para los efectos de sus ambicionesâ [24]
âIt is worth observing that great social theorists like BurkeâŠone of the most anxious to defend the value of the positive morality and customs of particular societies against utilitarian and rationalist critics, never regarded the simple assertion that these were things of value as adequate. Instead, they deployed theories of human nature and of history in support of their position. Burke’s principal argument, expressed in terms of the “wisdom of the ages” and the “finger of providence,” is in essence an evolutionary one: the social institutions which have slowly been developed in the course of any society’s history represent an accommodation to the needs of that society which is always likely to be more satisfactory to the mass of its members than any ideal scheme of social life which individuals could invent, or any legislator could impose.â [30].
17. De hecho, Finnis es bastante crĂtico de la dimensiĂłn âidealâ y de la etiqueta de âanti-positivismoâ de Robert Alexy. Ver, âLaw as Fact and as Reason for Action: A response to Robert Alexy on Lawâs Ideal Dimensionâ, The American Journal of Jurisprudence, Vol. 59, N.1, 2014, 85-109.
18. Adrian Vermeule. Lawâs Empire: From Lawâs Empire to the Administrative State (Harvard U Press, 2016).
20. SegĂșn Cass Sunstein, la jurisprudencia de Vermeule expresa el paradigma del juez-soldado en su capacidad de deferencia administrativa, en Constitutional Personae (Oxford U Press, 2015), 13.
21. Adrian Vermeule, Common Good Constitutionalism (Polity, 2022). 136.
22. Ronald Syme. âLawyers in Government: The Case of Ulpianâ, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.116, 1972, 409
26. Carl Schmitt. âThe Plight of European Jurisprudenceâ, Telos, 83, 1990. 54.
27. Contra Schmitt, Vermeule escribe en Common Good Constitutionalism (2022): âDworkin, however, suggested that both sides of the debate (with Pound on one side, and Schmitt and Hayek on the other) were mistaken about their joint prediction. In Dworkin’s view, under conditions of increasing social and economic complexity, law would come to rely more, not less, on jurisprudential principles, as opposed to positive sources such as either general rules or ad ho commands. I will argue that Dworkin’s basic view has been vindicated – after a fashion, anyway. The scale, complexity, and rapidity of lawmaking in the modern state grew to such a point that neither general rules nor ad hoc commands could keep up. Rather, actors in the system, particularly judges, turned to general principles of lawmaking to maintain a supervisory role for legality. Administrative law, particularlythe jurisprudence of judicial review of administrative action, turns out to be pervaded by principles of what used to be called “general” law, unwritten jurisprudence. Today’s administrative law, then, is is at least as much as it is lex.â 130.
28. Adrian Vermeule & Cass Sunstein. Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State (Harvard U Press, 2020).
29. Stuart Banner. The Decline of Natural Law: How American Lawyers Once Used Natural Law and Why They Stopped (Oxford University Press, 2021), 71-137.
30. H.L.A. Hart. Law, Liberty, and Morality (Stanford University Press, 1973). 73-74.
31. El propio hecho de que se apele al âHigher Lawâ de la âtradiciĂłn clĂĄsicaâ implica que Vermeule, como antes Ronald Dworkin, disputa que haya un consenso sobre cual es la fuente del derecho, y por lo tanto siempre hay desacuerdo. Ver, âDisagreement about Lawâ, en Lawâs Empire (1987). 3-6.
En una reciente presentaciĂłn en el marco del Seminario de derecho, polĂtica y sociedad (Universidad del Salvador), el profesor SebastiĂĄn Abad reabriĂł el caso de la leyenda catĂłlica de Carl Schmitt, ciertamente un tema irresuelto a la luz de las transformaciones (epocales, aunque no solo) en las esferas del derecho, la polĂtica, y las instancias intra-soberanas del orden mundial. Es un trabajo que me permite desarrollar algunas variantes, aunque tal vez no las mismas que propone o le interesan a Abad. Glosando la crĂtica de Wolfgang Palaver que sostiene que el concepto de lo polĂtico de Schmitt reintroduce una concepciĂłn pagana o precristiana, se deriva que el pensamiento polĂtico de Schmitt es incompatible con los presupuestos de la teologĂa cristiana. En realidad, esta crĂtica no es nueva, ya que el mismo Erik Peterson habrĂa sostenido en su momento que la defensa de la unidad de lo polĂtico y el desprecio por la potestas indirecta âsolo tiene sentido si renunciamos a ser cristiano y optamos por el paganismoâ [1]. Los teĂłlogos no han dejado de âfalsificarâ a Schmitt, incluso los teĂłlogos secularizados.
âWas the Augustinian peace in the Civitas Dei able to accomplish this [putting an end to wars and civil wars]? The millennium of Christian popes and emperors who recognized the Augustinian theology of peace was also a millennium of wars and civil wars. The doctrine of the two swords â one of which is a spiritual sword â is still beyond the horizon. The confessional civil wars during the Reformation, in the Christian sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were about the ius reformandi (right to reform) of the Christian Church; they were conferred with the inner theological and even dinner Christological disputes. Thomas Hobbesâs Leviathan is the fruit of a particular theological-political era. An epoch of ius revolutionalis and total secularization followed.â [5].
1. Carta de Erik Peterson a Carl Schmitt, en NichtweiĂ, 734-735, citada en Hollerich (2012), 41. Y de Wolfgang Palaver, âA Girardian Reading of Schmitt’s Political Theology, Telos, N.93, 1992, 43-68.
2. Michael Hollerich. âCatholic Anti-Liberalism in Weimar: Political Theology and its Critics”, en The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology and Law (Lexington Books, 2012),
3. Carl Schmitt. âUn jurista frente a sĂ mismo: entrevista de Fulco Lanchester a Carl Schmittâ, Carl-Schmitt-Studien, 1, 2017, 223.
Nowhere in his published work does John Rawls treats the concept of civil war explicitly or by that matter in relation of his concept of political liberalism, although it is central to genesis. In a Spring semester of 1969 lecture at Harvard University, which remains for the most part unknown and only alluded by specialists of his (although never subject to substantive treatment), âMoral Problems: Nations and Warâ, Rawls takes up the problem on its merits [1]. This is a lecture that took place in the wake of the Vietnam war, the post-1968 context, and during the years of the definite settling of âglobal civil warâ intensifying in every corner of the world. There is little that Rawls when treating the problem of war within the tradition of liberalism, was also aware of the factical nature of war of his present; that is, the transformation of war as a legitimate declaration between nations (at that point outlawed by the international Kellogg-Briand Pact) to a predominately a war within nations, that is, a permanent civil war. In this lecture â which one does not need to summarize given its broad historical strokes and technical determinations â Rawls crafts an typology wars in international law, as construed by the ius gentium, a theme that will later be the subject of his late book in international relations principles Laws of the People (1993). What is surprising is that in this typology, Rawls defines civil war as a thorough conflict aiming at âsocial justiceâ to transform the state. A civil war, then, is no longer what precedes the foundation of âlegitimate authorityâ proper to sovereignty, but it is rather the means by which something like âjusticeâ becomes the mediation of the âSocialâ.
From this it follows, that for Rawls civil wars either neither wars of aggression or wars of sessions, two forms that would be exclusionary to his definition grounded on âJusticeâ. Hence, the âjustificationâ of civil war could only be a just war insofar as its aim grounded in social justice as the effective realization of the well-being of all the inhabitants of the polity. For Rawls this was the âactiveâ continuation of the ideal of the French Revolution of 1789. Indeed, one could claim that for Rawls civil war is the continuation of revolution after the principle of universal recognition was achieved through rights. The ideal of Justice, then, was never the well-ordered natural law theory of revolutionary change (endorsed by many Jacobins, such as Saint-Just), but rather an intra-level recognition of social rules within the plural system of value differences. Coinciding with the development of positive law as grounded in social facts and guided by a ârule of recognitionâ (in H.L.A Hartâs well-known elaboration), Rawlsâ theory of civil war was the mechanism for a social fact-based conception of justice that was predicated in the optimization of risks, regulations, and re-distrubution of post-recognition equity of the activist state. Indeed, social justice insofar it was no longer merely sovereign authority, took the function of social facts through the administration of a permanent social civil war.
Neither an event nor an exception, civil war for Rawls is a free-standing metapolitical paradigm of the new âtransformativeâ conception of the Social ordered purposely around the principle of Justice. Paradoxically, the conditions of promoting âsocial justiceâ (whose echoes we still hear today from the political class as well as from the jargon of academic political ideology) is not limited to the âveil of ignoranceâ or the âoriginary positionâ for social action, but rather in the actualization of a latent stasiological paradigm. This esoteric unity is neither an exception nor a deviation from Rawlsâ mature political thinking around social justice; but as all true political paradigms, an invariant mode of his thinking. This is why he points in the 1969 lecture the Spanish civil war as paradigm of stasis as social justice, and in his essay âMy religionâ, the American Civil War led by the exceptional executive authority of Abraham Lincoln as necessary to the âoriginal sinâ of human slavery [2]. And as Eric Nelson has convincingly argued, the anti-pelagian conception of sin in Rawlsâ thought amounts to a secularized theodicy of social force: a regulatory physics in the aftermath of the crisis of the sovereign state. Although ignored by Nelson, the full picture of Rawlsian conception of the âSocialâ is not complete if one does not take into account the stasiological paradigm that legitimizes the aims of social justice. And if the internal conflict is latent within the Trinitarian ontology (as Political Theology II suggests) there is little doubt that the transformative model of Liberalism rather than moving the conditions of politics forward, ends up descending to the terrain of Christian political theology that it never abandoned.
But is it even âtransformativeâ within the conditions of the Christian model that it allegedly secularized? Is the primacy on social justice on civil war truly a political theology, or rather the consequential triumph of theology over the institutionality to restrain the ballistic aspiration of social hegemony? Both questions collapse if tested on the grounds offered by Carl Schmitt regarding both political theology and the critique of moral neutralization of values as direct application of the principle of Justice, which would turn social relations into pure subjection, a form of Homo homini Radbruch (Rabruch referring to the Radbruch formula of an unjust of law as non-law, thus requiring principles) [3]. What is âjustâ to a hegemonic stance indicates a clear crisis of institutional deficiency in the face of what values determine the scope and content of the âJustâ.
Similarly, the transformative conception of Rawlsian âactivist liberalismâ is closer to the realism of latent civil war than what the Christian idea required on a thing and minimalist basis; which, according to Ladner implied retreat form the social as well as from liturgical participation. On the contrary, rather than moral unity, reform entailed a separation, solus ad solum, in order to transform the habits and costumes without direct enforcement [4]. Contrary to the Christian monastic ius reformandi, Rawlsâ renovation of political liberalism, vis-Ă -vis the civil war paradigm, accepted the hellish reality of the social by affirming âsocial justiceâ as the only real means for subjective social cohesion. And if the just war principle stood largely under the guidance of positive sovereign rules and commands; the deployment of justice of civil war will be based on the exertion of principles and higher content without end. The true efficacy of civil war alien to the concept of the political, made possible a regime of socialization on the mere basis of values stratification and moral abstraction.
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Notes
1. John Rawls. âMoral Problems: Nations and Warâ, Spring 1969, Harvard University. Harvard U Library Archives.
2. John Rawls. âOn my religionâ, in A brief inquiry into the meaning of sin and faith (Harvard U Press, 2009), 263.
3. Carl Schmitt. âUn jurista frente a sĂ mismo: entrevista de Fulco Lanchester a Carl Schmittâ, Carl-Schmitt-Studien, 1. Jg. 2017, 212.
4. Gerhart B. Ladner. The Idea of Reform: Its Impact on Christian Thought and Action (Harper Torchbooks, 1969), 322.
This is the final entry on the mini-series of interventions within the framework of the course that I am teaching at 17 instituto on contemporary Italian political thought. In this last fourth installment we had a very rich and productive conversation with Idris Robinson (University of New Mexico) on the philosophy of work of logic developed by the Italian thinker Enzo Melandri. Melandriâs work remains largely unknown, aside from the recent new editions of his major works at Quodlibet, and the recent monograph Le Forme Dell’Analogia: Studi Sulla Filosofia Di Enzo Melandri (2014) by Angelo Bonfanti. Idrisâ doctoral dissertation (hopefully a book in the near future) will be a major contribution in a rising interest on Melandriâs work on logic, politics, and history, and its dialogues with the work of Wittgenstein, Foucault, and Agamben. As Idris Robinson recalled, the work of Melandri would have been entirely unknown if it werenât for Agambenâs book on method, Signatura rerum, which uses Melandriâs work on analogy and paradigms as conditions for his own archeological method. This whole terrain remains to be explored, as Philippe Theophanidis suggested, given that it has been for the most part ignored in all the main works on the Agambenâs thought (including Villacañasâ otherwise excellent essay on method, history, and archaeology in the recent collective volume that I edited). But to the extent that Enzo Melandriâs work remains to be translated into English, Idrisâ lecture serves as an important introduction to some of the key elements of his work, even if there is a lot to fill in and discuss from now on. All of the questions regarding Agambenâs method should emerge from this terrain, rather than the exhausted and ambiguous mantra of âcritical theoryâ.
1. First, Idris Robinson suggested that Melandriâs central contribution departed from the distinction of two major path of Western logic: linear logic, which comes full circle in symbolic logic and formalization at the turn of the twentieth century (Russell, Frege, Wittgenstein); and analogical logic, which remains suppressed, but subterranean latency for problems of bivalence and the excluded middle against all preconditions of the identity-difference polarity. Like Agamben would later do with his rereading of energeia/dunamis opposition in Aristotle, Melandri was also a strong reader of Aristotleâs logic and the categories in order to advance a series of logical alternatives (not by any means the only ones, and not necessarily distributed equally): a) a different conception of the principle of identity (p / -p), b) gradations of contradictions (p / -p), c) inclusion of a middle or third as failure of bivalence, d) continuity and gradation, and e) the equivocity of meaning. All of these should not be taken at face value or even as complete abandonment of linear logic. Needless to say, these elements supply analogic logic an exit from linear reductions of formal logic and its presuppositions on the grounds of identity and negation to secure general ends and goods. By working within the paradigm of analogy, Melandri is said to account for indetermination and modality, which do not divide form and matter as opposites as in the linear model of the Aristotelian canons of medieval philosophy (Aquinas as its foremost representative) to the more analytical models of twentieth century logic.
2. The work of analogical logic allows Idris Robison to take up the question of form (he referred to it as morphology) as a problem of experience and specular observation of the world. Essentially this is the difference between Goethe and Newton in their explorations of colors, whereas the paradigmatic assumptions of Goethe aligned him with the logic of analogy by favoring deviations, gradation, and middle terms when thinking about the sensible problem of colors as an immanent series in nature (a method continued in Benjaminâs constellation images in his study of nineteenth century, but one could also think of Aby Warburgâs pathosformel as index of Western Art). Whereas Newton made an experiment and deduced the range of colors from a prism; Goethe was able to engage in observation (Idris alluded to his descriptions in his Italian diaries entries) in changing phenomena and organize it as such.
3. As a methodological question, what is important is how the paradigm becomes the unity for regulating (perhaps not the happiest of words) and constructing the indeterminate zone between thinking and the world, and in this way avoiding the abyss of pure relativism (or the arbitrary, I would also add). In this sense, the Goethe example stands for the problem of paradigm, but it does not necessarily entail – at least in my view – that his work is in itself free-standing for analogical transformation of life and thought. At the end of the day, Goethe is also famous for claiming that âAll theory is gray, forever green is the tree of lifeâ, which could explain why Giorgio Agamben in his most recent book on Holderlinâs final year juxtaposes the chronicle of Hölderlin modal and dwelling life (the parataxis is analogic poetics with respect to language) with the diplomatic and successful life of Goethe (the linear logic here could also be transposed with the ideal of destiny becoming âpoliticalâ, as it is appears in his meeting with Napoleon). In any case, the logic of analogy and the reduction of paradigms becomes crucial to account for two distinct problems (at least this is my first reading, and I am in no way speaking on behalf of Idris Robinsonâs thesis): to hold on to a stratification of history (open to configuration of mediums – images); and, on the other, a ground for logic, but only insofar as they are neither at the level of historical necessity and negation (philosophy of history), nor about linear logic that dispenses moral ends according to some ânatural lawâ. From this premises, it should be interesting to explore Agambenâs archeology and ethics as a third path that diverges from both rationalization and the moral standing of understanding the just or the good.
4. Finally, I think two major problems emerge from a first preliminary confrontation with Melandriâs work, which we are only beginning to see how they âoperateâ in Agamben work, although at some point one should also confront the work on its own merits: on the one hand, the logic of analogy provides us with a truly historical method that is sensible to forms and stratification of the imagination that does not depend on conceptual history (in the manner of R. Koselleck), and even less on teleological historical progression. At the level of content, the analogical paradigm is consistent with trumping (suggested by Philippe Theophanidis) the hylomorphic conjunction of Western metaphysics, and thus contributing to a logical infrastructure for the form of life that abandons the primacy of ends and realization. What could this design entail for the transformation of our political categories? Does this necessarily imply that analogical legislating is always about political ontology! Does it require interpretation or a qualification of truth-validity? Or rather, does analogy favors the event instead of formal principles that have subsumed the grammar of politics and its negations (yes, also revolutionary politics, a problem also present in Della Salaâs paper)? Sure, extrapolating these questions to the field of politics is perhaps too hasty to fully repeal deontological concerns. Perhaps analogical analysis requires, precisely, a distance from the subsumption of political ontology at the center of thought. But to be able to answer these questions we need to further explore the work of Melandri. Idris Robinsonâs lecture has provided us an excellent starting point§.
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Notes
§ Idris Robinsonâs intervention on Melandri and the discussion should be available in the next days at the 17/instituto YouTube channel.
En una carta tardĂa de 1837 dirigida a su amigo Karl KĂŒnzel, Friedrich Hölderlin ofrece una pequeña definiciĂłn del âbien comĂșnâ que merece ser atendida por la sencilla razĂłn que el poeta se desmarca de la gramĂĄtica de la secularizaciĂłn de la modernidad (en este caso especĂfico, vinculado al roblema de la separaciĂłn entre moral y derecho) desde la cual se dirime el fondo Ășltimo de lo que entendemos por libertad. Dice lo siguiente el fragmento de la carta a Funzel:
Hölderlin no parece transitar por este terreno ya que la virtud estĂĄ alejada o separada de la vida, y el bien esta constituido por la âinterioridad de la personaâ. Hölderlin no dice el bien es la persona, o la persona porta el bien, sino que alude una dimensiĂłn que se separa con respecto a la vida. De esta manera, Hölderlin esquiva fundamentar el bien en una antropologĂa humana, al mismo tiempo que se aleja de una separaciĂłn trascendental del principio teolĂłgico-polĂtico; a saber, que el mundo es âbuenoâ (o tiene la posibilidad), y los hombres son malos, tal y como Carl Schmitt fijaba las condiciones de la teologĂa cristiana en el temprano âLa visibilidad de la Iglesiaâ (1917).
These are further notes on the mini-series of interventions within the framework of the course that I am teaching at 17 instituto on contemporary Italian political thought. In this third installment we engaged with Francesco Guercio and Federico Della Sala around the notions of comedy and tragedy in Italian theory, and the development of political reflection in Italy from the sixties onwards. Della Sala facilitated an excellent paper entitled âTragedy and Comedy in Italian Theory: Notes on the intersection between literature and politicsâ (for the moment unpublished), which was extremely suggestive, elegant, and comprehensive in terms of its critical take on the horizon of Italian theory. These notes are by no means representative of the richness of Dellaâs text: rather, it just wants to highlight a few checkpoints to further the discussion of the seminar. Francesco Guercio participated in the conversation as a commentator who provided important insights on several of the essayâs critical movements.
1. In his paper, Della Sala offers one of the strongest critiques of Italian theory that I have read in recent times (perhaps the strongest), and it does so by engaging its own premises on alterity and historical restitution, which he defines as working within the paradigm of political modernity. As it emerges in the projects of Massimo Cacciari, Roberto Esposito, Antonio Negri, but also in the commentaries of the so-called Italian difference paradigm by academics such as Dario Gentili, the common terrain is to sustain a paradigm of alternative modernization rooted in difference and conflict. In a way – and I understand I risk of simplifying Della Salaâs layered argument a bit – Italian theory amounts to offering a paradigm that remains within the metaphysics of power and governmental optimization, even when it speaks the language of contingency, errancy, or the outside. Here Della Salaâs critique of Italian theory differs quite substantially from the normativist accounts raised against Italian theory, such as that of P. P. Portinaro, whose discomfort is really against political excess and its allegedly revolutionary principles. For Della Sala, on the contrary, Italian theory is a betrayal of thinking the transformative politics at the threshold of the ruins of modern principles of authority and legitimacy. Indeed, Massimo Caccariâs return to renaissance humanism in his Mente Inquieta: saggio sull’Umanesimo (2019), or Espositoâs Pensiero istituente (2021) that ends up defending human rights and anthropology of rights, ironically self-serve Portinaroâs critique of the âradical excessâ as if inadvertently admitting the irreversibility of political modernity. Of course, this doesnât get out anywhere. In fact, it is regressive, instead of moving thinking forward.
2. Della Sala credits Italian theory â specially from the 1960s onwards, perhaps from the work of Mario Tronti and autonomia more generally â with bringing the question of politics to the center debate, showing the limitations of political economy in Marxist thought and the insufficiency of the negative. But, at the same time, it has done so by remaining within a paradigm of crisis in which the ideal of struggle defines the meditation between politics and life. And this can only exacerbate the administration of a catastrophic of politics. It is through the âkrisisâ of negative thought (Cacciari, Vattimo, and Esposito) that something like a literature of Italian theory becomes tragic, amounting to a sort of reverse nihilism. Della Sala does not it claim it explicitly â and I wonder if he would agree with my own personal translation â but this tragicity results to a compensatory wager to the sacrificial horizon of the philosophy of history opened by Hegelian dialectics or the imperial romanitas conception of politics. So the sense of the tragic in modernity can live comfortably within the paradigm of the sacrifice of modernity, and it does not get us very far.
3. As Francesco Guercio also suggested it, the abyssal ground of modernity becomes tragic when it places life in the site of death, which entails that existence can only be understood as something to be administered and protected. It goes without saying that this is the overall project of positive biopolitics and immunity in the horizon of democratic legitimacy, whose final utopia, according to Della Sala, is to live at least one day like a King. This rings true given the operative function of King and âarchÄâ (principle) that are needed to legislate the creation between politics and life, history and the anthropological sense of reality. Under this paradigm there is no space â or it is always parasitic, always subjected to the enmity of the speciesâ to the question of existence, which becomes a generic aggregate of civil community. But can one subtract oneself from the seduction of a demonic politics and its negative relation to the tragic politics in the face of nihilism? The strong thesis in Dalla Salaâs paper is that Italian theory has not been successful to the task and that we must begin from scratch putting aside, once and for all, the mythical paradigm of crisis.